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SUBSCRIBE:<\/strong>\u00a0Apple<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0Spotify<\/a><\/p>\n This is Episode Two\u00a0of a four-component Fascination\u00a0on seriously<\/em> huge birds. You can pay attention to Episode One\u00a0below<\/a>.<\/p>\n Flora Lichtman: <\/strong>For persons who\u2019ve hardly ever read of an elephant bird, what do they have to have to know?\u00a0<\/p>\n James Hansford:<\/strong> I imagine, to start with off, the sizing.. They are colossal.<\/p>\n [Music]\u00a0<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> I\u2019m Flora Lichtman, with Scientific American\u2019s Science, Swiftly<\/em>, and this is Episode Two of my homage to Earth\u2019s true major birds. Past episode, we talked about the largest chicken to fly. Today we\u2019re homing in on the heaviest hen to set its scaly foot down on world Earth: the elephant fowl.<\/p>\n Hansford: <\/strong>They are fantastic.<\/p>\n Lichtman: <\/strong>This is elephant bird skilled and paleontologist James Hansford \u2026<\/p>\n Hansford: <\/strong>Just complete titans of the hen world.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> Elephant birds lived in Madagascar. They seem to be to have been mostly herbivorous. None of them flew. There were being a selection of distinct species that ranged from the dimensions of an ostrich, to the dimension of a good auto.<\/p>\n Hansford:<\/strong> The most significant I calculated for any of the elephant birds was someplace close to 1,900 kilos.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> My god, I\u2019m acquiring a hard time truly even picturing that.<\/p>\n Hansford<\/strong>: Yeah. How do you even photo it? Well, when I measured the femur close to, it was 30 centimeters, about a foot in circumference. So that is ginormous.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> Oh my god. The circumference of the femur is over a foot.<\/p>\n Hansford<\/strong>: Yeah.\u00a0<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> Shut the cluck up.<\/p>\n Hansford<\/strong>: [Laughs]<\/p>\n [Music]<\/p>\n Lichtman: <\/strong>These behemoths appeared 30 million several years ago and they caught all over a long time.<\/p>\n Hansford<\/strong>: <\/strong>They were being alive up until eventually 1000 decades ago, but we know so a great deal a lot less about them than, say, Tyrannosaurus rex<\/em>.<\/p>\n Alicia Grealy:<\/strong> There are all these questions mainly because there are extremely massive gaps in the fossil file.\u00a0<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> That is paleogeneticist Alicia Grealy. She labored with James and other colleagues to answer some standard issues about elephant birds, this kind of as: Who are they associated to? How did they evolve? Who built up the team?<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> There is just been a good deal of debate in the course of record about how quite a few species there have been.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> Experts have debated the elephant birds relatives tree given that their discovery in the 1800s. Of specific interest are the most elephantine associates of the elephant chicken herd, \u2018<\/p>\n [Music]<\/p>\n Like the a single with the large leg bones that James pointed out. For a lengthy time, the major specimens had been labeled as jumbo members of a species acknowledged as Aepyornis maximus<\/em>. But they are so gigantic\u2014hundreds of kilos heavier than the other A. maximus<\/em> specimens\u2014and their bones seem kinda unique, as well.<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> And a couple decades ago there was a recommendation that these greatest bones ended up so significant that they must have belonged to a various species.<\/p>\n Lichtman: <\/strong>Alicia preferred to examine this. And as a paleogeneticist, she believed historical DNA could aid. The challenge was that DNA degrades quick in tropical environments.<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> Specifically, you have bought the mixed effects of, you know, water injury and erosion and UV that\u2014all of these issues degrade DNA.<\/p>\n Hansford<\/strong>:<\/strong> The capability to get genetic material, that things in Madagascar is really difficult. I liken it to having blood from a stone.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> But Alicia experienced an plan. She puzzled if they could crack this massive hen thriller using eggs.<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> Eggshell preserves the DNA remarkably properly. And occasionally it\u2019s the only supply of DNA from animals that dwell in very warm and tropical climates. And because DNA has been recovered from eggshell from other extinct birds right before, we believed, Can we do the identical for Madagascar\u2019s elephant birds?<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> And there is a large amount of eggshell to choose from. These elephant chook eggs ended up big.\u00a0<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> They had been about 150 situations the dimension of a hen egg. And that\u2019s larger than any dinosaur egg.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> If you clutched a person in your fingers, it would be heavier than a bowling ball, with the shell as thick as a dinner plate.<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> Yeah, they were about 10 kilos…, which is about 22 lbs….<\/p>\n Lichtman: <\/strong>And compared with elephant bird bones, the eggs are quick to uncover .Alicia states that if you go to the beach where by she labored in the southwest of the nation, you’ll be going for walks on eggshells.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n Grealy<\/strong>: They are just scattered certainly everywhere. A person particular person explained it as paved with eggshell.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> But if collecting the eggs was in excess of-effortless, obtaining DNA out of them was not. DNA can be scrambled in beach front-fried eggs. So the team seemed for shells buried in dig web sites and dunes. Then Alicia took each and every shell, cleaned it and ground it into a powder. From that egg dust, thoughts-bogglingly, she pulled out items of DNA from birds that had been lifeless for 1,000 a long time.<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> It is thoughts-boggling to me as well, basically.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> And she utilized that DNA to test to figure out if all those extra, further-huge elephant birds were their have species or not.<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> The DNA evidence from the eggshell indicates that there was not two various species living in this spot. Essentially, all of the eggshell is genetically identical. So if we ended up anticipating that the greatest elephant birds have been a different species, then we would have viewed some genetic big difference in the eggshell, but we really don’t see that.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> So what points out the XXL bones? One particular chance: massive mamas.<\/p>\n [Music]<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> The quite significant elephant birds have been ladies, and the marginally smaller kinds had been the males we consider.<\/p>\n Lichtman: <\/strong>Mini-er males are not uncommon in birds due to the fact lady birds have to deliver eggs, and that can take a whole lot out of them, practically.<\/p>\n Hansford:<\/strong> Birds make eggshells from components from inside of their hollow bones. I talked about that these thigh bones had been 30 centimeters, a foot in circumference. And a person of the good reasons for that is that the females would have stored resources within just those people in get to make the eggs.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> But That was not the only \u201caha\u201d that plopped out of the cracked eggs. Eggshells also tell us some thing about how these enormous, uncommon birds evolved.<\/p>\n It was recognized elephant birds were ratites\u2014an historical group of typically large, flightless birds, including emus and cassowaries from Australia, ostriches from Africa, rheas from South America and many others.<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> So basically all people big flightless birds. But they are truly most closely connected to the kiwi hen, which is rooster measurement. So which is form of stunning.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> And for a extended time, scientists had a uncomplicated explanation for how these birds landed all above the environment.<\/p>\n Grealy: <\/strong>For the reason that they are mainly flightless and significant, it was believed that there was a flightless prevalent ancestor that was on the supercontinent called Gondwana. And as Gondwana broke up, some populations were being trapped on\u00a0 those people different continents, and then, in excess of time, they ongoing to diverge from every other, turning into extra distinct.\u00a0<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> T hese distinct lineages\u2014the ostriches, the rheas, the elephant birds\u2014split around when Gondwana did. That was the strategy.\u00a0<\/p>\n [Music]<\/p>\n But the DNA data fouled up this speculation<\/p>\n DNA evidence displays that many of the ratite lineages split nicely after Gondwana broke up. So how did these massive flightless birds land all above the planet?\u00a0<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> The typical ancestor as a result will have to have been quite compact and traveling to every of the continents independently.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> The info counsel the ancestor of these ground-certain, largely big birds was little and airborne.<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> The simple fact that they are mainly flightless and substantial seems to be type of a coincidence. It seems like flightlessness developed among the the ratites at least six moments independently, which is extremely astonishing.<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> Stunning because it signifies just about every of these big flightless birds\u2014the elephant fowl group included\u2014seemed to just take its very own winding path to flightlessness and bigness. It is a reminder, Alicia claims, that in evolutionary history, the most straightforward or most obvious explanation isn\u2019t often the suitable just one.<\/p>\n Grealy:<\/strong> So, yeah, elephant birds aid adjust the way we imagine about the evolution of all birds, really.<\/p>\n Lichtman: <\/strong>In our subsequent episode of this four-aspect Fascination …\u00a0<\/p>\n Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan:<\/strong> extremely contrary to a chook that you typically consider of sitting at a chook feeder, you know, undoubtedly not that kind of bird …<\/p>\n Lichtman:<\/strong> We\u2019ll satisfy yet another evolutionary curveball of a chook: a thunderous, tanklike goose with the wingspan of a chickadee.<\/p>\n Science, Promptly<\/em> is developed by Jeff DelViscio, Tulika Bose and Kelso Harper. Our theme songs was composed by Dominic Smith.<\/p>\n Really don’t fail to remember to subscribe to Science, Rapidly<\/em> anywhere you get your podcasts. Head in excess of to ScientificAmerican.com<\/a> for in-depth science news.<\/p>\n For Science, Immediately<\/em>\u2014I\u2019m Flora Lichtman.<\/p>\n SUBSCRIBE:<\/strong>\u00a0Apple<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0Spotify<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n